A. Preliminary
Studies with the article of the events that occurred within the past in a very scientific discipline ought to use a historical approach. When used to assess the history of Islam simply because the knife analysis, not as objects of study. thanks to this association within the context of the history of ideas, ideas, and thoughts. The which means of history or historical itself could be a science during which mentioned the varied events by watching unsut place, time, objects, backgrounds, and actors such events. This historical approach is employed in an effort to trace the origins and growth of spiritual thought and establishments through the event of bound historical periods, likewise on perceive the role of the strength shown by the faith in those periods.
Through the historical approach, somebody invited to enter the important state of affairs concerning the implementation of an occurrence. From here, in terms of understanding one's faith wouldn't be out of historical context, thanks to the dearth of deep perceiveing can mislead folks that understand.
B. Prehistoric
Period before Islam within the Arabian Peninsula region referred to as the Ignorance, the term is employed to mark time before the Prophet Muhammad was born and to indicate circumstances or bound behaviors. This ignorance designation given to the Arabs that the pattern of life is primitive and customarily live their air and nomadic tribes. surroundings they live aloof from civilization and don't understand scan and write (Ummi), that is why they live in ignorance and darkness. that ultimately lead them to measure in error, absence of human values, idolater, killing the kid by reason of the glory and holiness, gambling, and war on the grounds of shallowness and heroism. The atmosphere of life because it is termed the time of ignorance.
Even so, really they're in a very state of nature that aren't mixed with the culture and civilization that occurred in Persia and Rome. they're aloof from the styles of civilization is that the second issue. in order that they don't have the luxurious of Persian civilization, and don't have a formidable military force just like the Romans. however they are famous for its generosity, helpfulness, shallowness, and chastity.
The most phenomenal ignorance of the lifetime of the Arabs is their literary tradition that's therefore high. they need a longtime literary establishments, specifically poetry festivals conducted once a year based mostly on the Suq al-Ukaz. the simplest poems of the competition was later immortalized in print with gold ink that prevailed the wall of the Kaaba, therefore named almu 'allaqat.
The role of poetry is incredibly dominant within the lifetime of Arab society Ignorance. He has many functions that in fashionable times is owned by the press. With poetry, social mobility may be done effectively. solely with a couplet poem someone will fall within the valley of humiliation and luxury. Once the high appreciation poem at the time, as a result of it is not a coincidence they occupy elite positions in society as owner and master the information era.
C. Classical amount
The classical amount began when the Prophet Muhammad was sent by God to be an Apostle. however there's conjointly argued that this era began when the Prophet migrated from Mecca to Medina (July sixteen 622 AD), as a result of at the time of Medina's Islamic government eksitensi recognized.
Prophet Muhammad was sent to al-Quran as a miracle. owing to public ignorance therefore infatuated with the literature, the Qur'an revealed to the common literary language utilized by the community. This calls created on numerous concerns, namely:
a. to evolve to the traditions of Arab society at that point, and so may be communicative.
b. To challenge and outperform poems of ignorance, so the Quran has vitality and a high vitality amid frenzied activity and cleverness bingarnya Arabs in verse.
In delivering the Divine message, the Prophet get a spread of issues and obstacles that tough, even to the death threats from the Quraish. as a result of the suffering accepted the Muslims have gotten more durable, the Prophet sent his companions to Abesinia (Ethiopia) that predominantly Coptic Christian to urge facilitate. however the country's leaders Abesinia refused extradition of the Muslims because it has the influence from the Quraysh.
But within the year 620 AD, the Prophet entered into an agreement (bay'ah) with some representatives from the town of Yathrib society to be accepted among them. And not long afterwards delivered it emigrated to the town of Yathrib, the Prophet migrated when the town modified its name to the town of Medina. In place of this new Messenger build society and resumed his preaching. Muslims in Medina are grouped into 2, immigrants, the followers of the Prophet migrated to Medina and joined Ansar, that could be a native of Medina who received the Prophet and his followers. At the time of the Prophet Muhammad in Medina is ready to use the notion of maximally Qur'an and Islam became an element in history. The move created this Messenger could be a revolutionary step, as a result of migration isn't merely the displacement dwelling.
After ten years living in Medina, the Muslims finally get the possibility to overcome the town of Makkah and therefore the Ka'bah unleash of assorted idols that are nearby. Prophet gave a general amnesty to the folks of Mecca, before finally perfecting Farewell Pilgrimage '. Prophet facing the Creator at the age of sixty three years in 632M/11H. when the Prophet's death, the Muslim leadership within the hands of the Caliph Abu Bakr As-Siddiq (d. 634 H M/11), a policy that he had to try and do was fight the apostate folks and teams who refused to pay zakat (mani 'al-zakat) . conjointly continued the policy of the Messenger by sending a military led by Usama bin Zaid to Syria, that had been delayed as a result of the Prophet is seriously unwell. And at the time of Abu Bakr was conjointly ready to collect the Qur'an in a very single copy of a previously scattered in numerous writings on palm sheath, thin stone, bone, and sheets of fabric or animal skin.
After Abu Bakr died at the age of sixty three years, his leadership was replaced by Umar ibn al-Khattab (d. 644 H M/23). He was the primary Muslim caliph who was given the nickname Amir al-Mu'minin. throughout his reign he expanded into the land of Persia, Iraq, Palestine, Syria, reaching Egypt. this can be done to free these areas from the Roman colony. Thus, the 2 nice empires of Persia and Rome (Byzantium) have subdued beneath his management. Umar bin Khattab died at the age of sixty three years, as a result of it had been killed by Abu al-Lu'luah Zoroastrian from Persia.
Later replaced by Usman bin Affan (d. 656 H M/35), when turning into a member of Formation (ahl al-Shura) set by Umar before he died. within the reign of Uthman al-Qur'an successfully ready in a very type of literature, that previously has several versions. He conjointly managed to expand the Islamic wilyah up to Turkey, Cyprus, North Africa, Central Asia, Khurasan, and Balkh in Afghanistan. Usman died at the age of eighty two years, he was killed when reading the Koran in his house. The killing was caused by dissatisfaction along with his folks over Usman's political policies that tend to nepotism.
At the time of Ali ibn Abi Talib (d. 661 H M/40) happens turmoil following the murder of Uthman ibn Affan. People's demand to instantly punish the caliph Uthman's murderers. however the stress it tough to comprehend thanks to the unstable state. Ali's only 1 call, specifically the fight against the rebels that led to the War Aisha Jamal leaders who supported the war Zubair and Talhah and leadership Siffin Mu'awiya. within the battle of Siffin's Ali received an arbitration (tahkim) that caused his army split in 2. One cluster refused (Khawarij) and others received.
After a amount of Khilafat al-Rasyidun it, the Islamic government or held by the Umayyad dynasty Amawi the primary caliph was Abu Sufyan ibn Mu'awiya. The central government moved to Damascus, Syria, where he served as governor within the reign of Uthman ibn Affan.
This dynasty reached its glory within the time of al-Walid (d. 715 AD). during this dynasty there's a really well-known spiritual figure within the history of Islam, ie Umar ibn Abdul Aziz (d. 720 AD). he's referred to as the Caliph of honest and prudent, modest within the pattern of his life, and much from luxury. The policy is controversial is to come back property owned by his family and his wife to the bayt al-mal. take away the tribute that he levied from the ahl al-dhimma, who had converted to Islam. He conjointly lowered the tax to be paid by the Muslims particularly the mawali (non-Arab Muslims) who came from Persia. Policies that are then caused many of us to Islam.
Internal strife that happens during this dynasty within the type of power struggle and then dropped at ruin. therefore leadership in Islam followed by the Abbasid dynasty, founded by Abu al-Abbas (d. 754 AD) with the support of the mawali. Support from the mawali is what distinguishes between the Umayyad with the Abbasid dynasty, during which the Umayyad dynasty supported by the Arabs, whereas supported by the Abbasid dynasty mawali.
Abbasid dynasty greatness throughout Harun al-Rashid (d. 809 AD), who noticed the welfare of the many folks. By building numerous facilities for its folks and conjointly improve the infra structure. the most focus of that is characteristic of the Abbasid glory is within the field of scientific development.
Generally Classical amount is split into 2 periods, the primary could be a time of progress and therefore the golden age of Islam that occurred from concerning 650 AD till the year one thousand AD Being the second amount could be a amount of decline and disinteregasi that began in one thousand AD to the collapse in 1258 AD Baghdah
D. the center Ages
This period is characterised by a complete decline of empire in Baghdad. Rebellion is ubiquitous and therefore the loss of management of the political power of Islam throughout the region. seems Umayyad dynasty in Spain the second amount that was proclaimed by 'Abd al-Rahman al-Dakhil (d. 788 AD). within the Egyptian Fatimids conjointly rising Shi'ite cluster backed by. Hulagu Khan (grandson of Genghis Khan) was concerned within the destruction of Muslim rule in Baghdad, where he knocked down the building of mosques, Islamic colleges, homes, set hearth to the library and every one its contents. within the political sphere, for instance, the dynasty that dominated Egypt when another and every alternative down. ranging from the Fatimid dynasty, that wing Shiite, was replaced by a Sunni dynasty Ayyubiyyah. Ayyubiyyah resulted in 1250 and replaced by Dynasty Mamlukiyyah till the year 1517.
In the circumstances it appeared 3 nice Islamic empire that attempted to revive Islamic power, namely:
? Ottoman Empire
This kingdom is that the largest empire suffered a setback when Muslims. Its power politically continents covering 3 regions: Europe, Asia, and Africa. European powers reaching Macedonian, Sophia, the whole northern region of Greece. Bulgaria, Serbia, the Balkans, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Abania, and Romania. In Asia includes Armenia, Iraq, Asia Minor, Syrians, Hijaz, and Yemen. Being in Africa reached Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, and Algeria.
When the amount of Sultan Sulayman al-Qanuni (d. 1566 M/974 H) Ottoman empire reached its peak. High art and exquisite design which will be seen from the buildings that existed at that point because the mosque Jami 'al-Fatih Sultan Muhammad, the grand mosque and therefore the mosque Sulayman Abu Ayyub al-Anshori. Besides, there also are Aya Sofia Mosque, that previously was a church that modified its perform as a mosque. In Cairo, there's the mosque of Muhammad Ali, the Ottoman architectural vogue. however within the early 20th-century political reform movement occurred within the central government the Ottoman Empire, that marked the autumn of Sultan Abdul Majid II and therefore the founding leader of the Turkish Republic Mustafa Kamal Ataturk in 1924 AD
? Safavid Empire
The background of the founding of the Safavid dynasty was owing to the robust influence of a Sufi named Syaykh Safiuddin (d. 1334 M/735 H) of Ardabil Azerbaijan. he's the founding father of the Safavid and growing congregation within the space was predominantly Shiite sects. Therefore, this cluster brazenly reveal their Shiite perceive. ranging from the activities of spiritual congregations tend to, this cluster then turned to the political movement that contains a huge follower and adequate strength to finally be ready to master the state.
Safavid kingdom reached throughout the heyday of King Abbas I (d. 1588 M/966 H). He managed to dampen domestic political upheavals that disrupt the soundness of the country and regained the territories controlled by the Ottoman Turks. one among the ocean trade routes between East and West are common within the fighting by the British, Dutch, and French.
Safavid rulers conjointly managed to develop science and technology. they appear to be a lot of successful when put next to the Ottoman dynasty that tend to market military power. Royal palace contains a majlis that cater to the gathering of scientists, like al-Din al-Shayrazi, generalist science acutely aware al-Din al-Shayrazi, a thinker and Muhammad Baqir ibn Muhammad Damad, a historian and thinker who had conducted analysis on bored with life.
In the field of design they engineered the town of Isfahan with a reasonably lush arrangements. Public parks that function tourist attractions scattered in numerous places. When King Abbas I's death, in Isfhan there are 162 mosques, forty eight ??colleges, 1802 inn and 273 public baths. when the death of Abbas I practically there's no king who revered the ability of Safavid hegemony. Safavid kingdom resulted in 1732 AD by Shah Nadih a bloody attack Turkey.
? Mughal Empire
Mughal Dynasty is found in India, founded by Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur (d. 1530 M/937 H) bin Umar Mirza Shahykh. His father, together with descendants of Timur, was his mother's facet there are blood ties with Genghis Khan. therefore it's quite attainable that this dynasty came to be referred to as the Mughal dynasty even supposing he calls himself a descendant of the Turks.
Heyday occurred throughout the Mughal dynasty Jalal al-Din Akbar (d. 1605 M/1014 H), Nur al-Din Jehangir (d. 1627 M/1037 H), Shihab al-Din Shah Jehan I (d. 1657 AD / 1069 H), and Muhy Awrangzeb Alamgir al-Din (d. 1707 M/1118 H).
In general, the medieval amount is split into 2 stages: initial, the full decline of Muslims that occurred within the past amount of roughly 3 centuries, ie since the year 1250-1500 AD Second, the 3 major kingdoms reign that lasted from the year 1500-1700 AD as a section of progress, and 1700-1800 M as section setbacks.
E. fashionable amount
Modern amount is termed by Harun Nasution because the era of Islamic revival. Napoleon's expedition (d. 1821 AD) that resulted in 1801 opened the eyes of Muslims, particularly Egypt and Turkey, are the weakness of Muslims within the presence of Western powers. Napoleon's expedition in Egypt to introduce science to bring 167 consultants in numerous branches of science. He was carrying 2 sets of printing devices Latin letters, Arabic and Greek. The expedition wasn't solely brought the military mission, however conjointly a scientific mission. Napoleon established scientific institute referred to as Institut d 'Egypte that has four fields of study, that's a definite science, natural sciences, economics and political science, and humanities and humanities. conjointly revealed scientific magazine conjointly named the Courier d'Egypte.
New ideas introduced by Napoleon in Egypt could be a republic system of head of state elected for a amount of your time, equation (egalite) and perceive nationality (nation). Islamic leaders conjointly began to assume and notice an answer to revive the glory of the Muslims. Then came the reform movement dispensed in numerous countries, like Turkey and Egypt. Reform ideas were later absorbed in numerous Muslim countries, together with in Indonesia.
Napoleon expedition finally it should open the eyes of the Islamic world, and attentive to deficiencies and downside, particularly Turkey and Egypt. The rulers and assumeers of Islam began to think to revive the image of its superiority over the West. Western contact with Islam was against the contiguity of Islam and therefore the West within the Classical amount. therefore then the flow of modernization in Islam emerged, with the thinkers who sought to revive the glory of Islam in classical times.
F. Conclusion
Of Islamic history higher than, it may be concluded that the faith was born from and among a specific social reality. Level of accommodation and appreciation of the thereforecial reality around him is so robust, therefore in an exceedingly} style of spiritual phenomena may be found any link between faith and culture very closely. this happens for 2 reasons: initial, that not all native cultural values ??and principles that conflict with spiritual doctrine and teachings, on the contrary, several of that correspond, so culture becomes eligible to be accommodated into the faith, secondly, that by accommodating the native culture , as long as not contrary to the fundamental principles of the teachings of the faith. Because, one thing strange are a lot of simply accommodated by the area people if it's long been known and conversant in the community. From this faith and then making an attempt to appear in his face a friendly, soft and earthy behind adhered to the fundamental culture of a society.
G. Feedback
Thus a quick review of approaches to the study of Islamic history may be presented speakers. The paper is organized isn't as excellent as expectations of readers, and thus we have a tendency to as speakers expect criticism and constructive suggestions for improvement and to support our next paper.
REFERENCES
• Orphans Badri, History of Islamic Civilization, Eagles unleash, Jakarata, 2010.
• Rosihon Anwar, et al., Introduction to the Study of Islam, devoted Reader, London, 2009.
• Jamali Sahrodi, Methodology of Islamic Studies, devoted Reader, London, 2008.
• Muniron, et al., Islamic Studies, STAIN Jember Press, Jember, 2010.
• Islamic Studies IAIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya, Introduction to Islamic Studies, IAIN Sunan Ampel Press, Surabaya, 2005.
• TEAM Penyususn MKD IAIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya, Introduction to Islamic Studies, SAP, Surabaya, 2011.
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